Geoffrey Chaucer: A Near Contemporary of Malory :: Canterbury Tales Literature Essays

Geoffrey Chaucer A near contemporary of Malory Many websites contain information on the life and works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Most of these websites provide multipurpose information, timelines, and miscellaneous facts about Chaucer. The Geoffrey Chaucer Page is a very helpful website that contains a brief note on Chaucer and provides a timeline of the important events which occurred during Chaucers lifetime . A better description of Chaucer and his works is given by Anniina Jokinens website, Luminarium . It is an organized source of data on Chaucers life and works, and has a medieval yule chirp playing on the Chaucer home pageboy . Columbias Electronic Encyclopedia offers a less impressive description of Chaucer, and does not adequately analyze his works . Librarius offers small insight on Chaucers Canterbury Tales . These four websites offer us a window into the life and works of Geoffrey Chaucer. The luminarium website tie in to a Geoffrey Chaucer website which is impressive and covers many topics. The homepage has the anonymous medieval yule carol Bring a Torch Jeanette, Isabella playing and offers easy access to the other portions of the site through six labeled links. The creator of the website, Anniina Jokinen, includes her telecommunicate address and source citation for her music at the bottom of the page along with other useful citation information. Clicking on the Quotes link leads to a page of notable lines from the text of the Canterbury Tales. The actual texts containing these quotations can be found by clicking on the link labeled The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. The information provided by clicking on these links is broad. The website offers everything from general notes on Chaucers literary works, to audio excerpts, and translations of passages (which are difficult to read in the original Middle English). The only major flaw of the website is a link that goes to the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia website for in formation on Chaucers life. The little information provided by the Columbia Encyclopedia website does not stand up to the Luminarium pages. This was a poor choice for an external link on an excellent website www.luminarium.org. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia website offers a small, poorly organized description of Chaucers life and work.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

barbarian abuse consists of any act or failure to act that endangers a childs physical or stirred up health and development. A person caring for a child is abusive if he or she fails to nurture the child, physically injures the child, or relates sexually to the child (Robins). Child abuse is broken down into four major categories physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and negligence. Aside from the abuse itself, the cost of the tragic events costs the United States billions of dollars each year. Every day, approximately 4 children in the United States die resulting from child abuse and the majority are under 5-years-old (Fromm). There are many organizations that support preventative measures in reducing child abuse. If nothing is done, child abuse provide continue to rise with many consequences in the future.Child abuse move into four main classifications physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse is defined as any non-accidental physical injury to a child (Robins). This depose result from beating, whipping, paddling, punching, pushing, shaking, burning with cigarettes, scalding with hot water, or former(a) hot objects. Unfortunately, sexual abuse is rising today. This is any sexual act between an adult and a child, which includes fondling, touching, or kissing genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, penetration, or oral sex, exposing child to adult sexuality, and child pornography (Robins). Emotional abuse is the most common abuse due to how slow it can be hidden. Emotional abuse is any attitude, behavior, or failure to act on the part of the caregiver that interferes with a childs noetic health or social development (Robins). Many parents who continually yell or scream at his or her child in a charge of threatening or showing no signs of affection turn to this so it will not be picked up on as quick as physical abuse. Unfortunately, this type can be the most harmful because it can cause serious emotional and menta l problems later on in life. Lastly, neglect is a form of abuse and is defined as the failure to provide a child with basic needs (Robins). This is seen when parents fail to provide children with food, shelter and clothing. Also, caregivers who go forth children unattended, fail to provide education, and fail to give children psychological needs are all types of emotional abuse.It is estimated that child abuse co... ...ss to hotlines, family resources, self-help groups, publications on abuse prevention, an volunteer opportunities (Mulryan 54). study Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information gives information on prevention, identification, and treatment of child abuse and neglect (54). There are many other organizations that help children and families prevent and help cope with child abuse. With these specialized organizations there is hope that child abuse will decrease and more information will be delivered to the society. Works CitedAdams, Caren, and Jennifer Fay. H elping Your Child Recover from Sexual Abuse. Seattle Washington UP, 1992.Crosson-Tower, Cynthia. When Children are Abused. Boston Pearson, 2012.Fromm, Suzette. Total Estimated Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States. Statistical Evidence. Web. 14 Feb. 2015. Mulryan, Kathleen., et al. How to Recognize and Respond to Child Abuse. Nursing 2014. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. Ramamoorthy, Saraswathy., et al. Talking to a Child Who Has Been Abused. Purdue University. Web. 12 Feb. 2015. Robins, P. Recognizing Signs of Child Abuse. KidsHealth. Web. 13 Feb. 2015.

Effects of computers on society :: Computer Science

Effects of computers on societyInternetThe net profit was a major break-through in computing. It enabled peopleto communicate and transfer information. The internet has been aroundfor about 30 years and is always changing. It has many different uses.It can be used for video and teleconferencing, commenting information,buying products, downloading programmes and music and overmuch more. Ithink that the internet has helped society a great deal. On the otherhand, it does have its disadvantages as anything can be found on theinternet, whether it is favourable or bad. If the internet is in the wronghands it can be a very bad thing as it could be held responsible forthings corresponding rape etc. I am saying this because it is very easy for anadult to go into a chat room and pretend that they are a teenager.They could then arrange to meet up with someone, and this person wouldbe thinking that they are a teenager. This is the disadvantage of theinternet, but I feel that the good points over-power the bad.CCTVWithout CCTV, abuse rates would be higher and many criminals would gouncaught. Thanks to CCTV, this has changed. CCTV allows severalcameras to film several different areas at the same time. If someonecommits a offensive activity and it is caught on camera, it is then taken to courtand used as evidence against them. I think that this is another hugebenefit to todays society.Credit Card accustom/FraudComputers allow people to use credit cards to pay for products thatthey buy in shops. This defines it much easier for people to buysomething instead of having to pay with exchange or a cheque, which takesa while to clear they can just pay instantly with a card. Fraud isone major problem face with credit cards. If the card it stolen, itwould be relatively easy for someone to pay for products that they buywith the card, especially over the internet where no signature isrequired to make the payment. This is another disadvantage of theinternet, that anyones credi t card can be used without consent. Ithink that, although fraud is an issue with credit cards, credit cards tacit benefit society greatly.Availability of InformationThis topic links in with the internet, as well as using programmeslike encyclopaedias on the computer to find information. The internethas such a broad range of information on it that it would be almostimpossible to not find what you are looking for. or so any word canbe typed into a search engine (e.g.

Rice Works to Keep Gaza Pullout on Track :: essays research papers

Rice Works to Keep Gaza Pullout on TrackBy BARRY SCHWEID, AP Diplomatic Writer 1 hour, 8 minutes agoWASHINGTON - Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice scrambled her schedule Friday to add a trip to the Middle East knowing to nurtureIsraels promised withdrawal from Gaza and part of theWest Bank despite a spate of affright attacks.ADVERTISEMENTWith the pullout a month away, State section spokesman Sean McCormack said, "All the parties need to make the maximum effort to see that this disengagement process is a success."McCormack gave no precise date for Rice to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders, but the trip was tacked onto one to Africa she is expected to undertake next week."Its a probablely historic moment, and the parties should seize the opportunity to realize all the potential from this disengagement," the spokesman said, indicating Rice also wants to look beyond this summers Israeli pullback.McCormack said Rice would cover Senegal, Sudan, Israel and the Palestinian territories from Tuesday through July 24.In spite of a surge of terror attacks, Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon remains committed to pulling all settlers and troops out of Gaza and part of the West Bank.But Sharon has frequently made bring that he does not intend to give ground under threat of terror.Rices diversion to the region from Africa, where she had been considering a number of stops, was announced after a ebullition of violence that threatened an already tattered Mideast truce.Rice has used telephone diplomacy in the last few days to try to keep Israel and the Palestinians on track to an orderly withdrawal and to encourage Palestinian leaders to go after terrorists.She told Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, while returning on her jet flavourless from an Asian trip Wednesday, that he must take immediate action to find and prosecute those responsible for the killing of four Israelis this week in Netanya.

The Not So Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Superficial GatsbyIn the novel entitled The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby is at times made out to be better than us. At first glance he is sophisticated, using big words and claiming that he is an Oxford man. But when we look closer we can easily dupe that this man is a farce. Much of this man has been shrouded in mystery. We know very weensy some his past until later in the book. We dont know where he was born, who his p bents are, or where all of his money came from. He frequently disappears form Nicks view seemingly without a trace. both of these things make him out to be somebody of real importance but by looking closely we can gather an abundance of evidence to the contrary. We see that he is just a man looking for the lost love of his life, Daisy. He is a man looking for the American dream and when he does non find it, we see at last that he is just like the rest of us.The word enormous is somewhat vague in meaning. Whether someone is great or not of ten times depends on the person judging them. My personal beliefs as far as greatness are concerned are not very complicated. When I speak up of someone who is or was great, I think of Jackie Robinson, Louis Armstrong, and Albert Einstein. These are all people who affected the way we live and let changed our society as a whole for the better. My parents are great my teachers are great, and my coaches are great. All of those people have a lot of influence instanter over me and they are always changing me for the better. A truly great person has to make sacrifices and be very brave. Jackie Robinson was the first black person to place down the major leagues. To face the kind of racism that he faced and still perform the way he did is a feat hat I dont think I could do. His bravery and grace under pressure has earned him a place among the greats. He is a wonderful example of greatness, and there are some more like him. Not everyone has the same kind of standard for greatness as I d o. Another part of being great is growing up from an impoverished background. Some people, like the two kids who murdered thirteen kids at Littleton High, think that Hitler was a great man. Some people think that Stalin and Milosevic are great. These dictators did not rise to power without support from other people. People fought and died for these tyran... ...s life by loving her and doing the best he could to get her back. Daisys problem is that she is pushed around a little too easy and just like that she seemingly forgets everything between Gatsby and herself. But being a great person is more than just those few things. cosmos a great person means being great and living up to that standard for most of your life. Most really great people act to meet the standard of being great for a long time. That is part of what makes them so great. Jay Gatsby has turned his past life in to a fraud. Jay Gatsby who, for his own purposes, would explode up a marriage. These are not traits of a truly great man.Then we come to the question Why? Why would Fitzgerald name the book The Great Gatsby? I believe it is because Nick is the narrator and does see him as great. When I was finished reading this novel I did not come off thinking not thinking wow that man was really great. I came off thinking (among other things) wow that title is not accurate because there is an abundance of evidence to the contrary even when it is presented by a narrator that thinks he is great. I believe that is what Fitzgerald wanted us to think (among other things).

The Not So Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Superficial GatsbyIn the novel en titled The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby is at times made out to be better than us. At first glance he is sophisticated, using big words and claiming that he is an Oxford man. But when we look closer we can easily see that this man is a farce. Much of this man has been shrouded in mystery. We know very little about his past until later in the book. We dont know where he was born, who his p arnts are, or where all of his cash came from. He frequently disappears form Nicks view seemingly without a trace. All of these things make him out to be somebody of real importance but by looking closely we can gather an abundance of evidence to the contrary. We see that he is just a man looking for the lost love of his life, Daisy. He is a man looking for the American dream and when he does not find it, we see at last that he is just like the difference of us.The word great is somewhat vague in meaning. Whether someone is great or not ofte n times depends on the soulfulness judging them. My face-to-face beliefs as far as greatness are concerned are not very complicated. When I presuppose of someone who is or was great, I call of Jackie Robinson, Louis Armstrong, and Albert Einstein. These are all people who affected the way we live and have changed our society as a whole for the better. My parents are great my teachers are great, and my coaches are great. All of those people have a lot of influence directly over me and they are always changing me for the better. A truly great person has to make sacrifices and be very brave. Jackie Robinson was the first black person to enter the major leagues. To face the kind of racism that he faced and still achieve the way he did is a feat hat I dont theorise I could do. His bravery and grace under pressure has earned him a cast among the greats. He is a wonderful example of greatness, and there are many more like him. Not everyone has the same kind of standard for greatness as I do. Another part of world great is growing up from an impoverished background. Some people, like the two kids who murdered thirteen kids at Littleton High, think that Hitler was a great man. Some people think that Stalin and Milosevic are great. These dictators did not rise to power without support from other people. People fought and died for these tyran... ...s life by amiable her and doing the best he could to get her back. Daisys problem is that she is pushed around a little too easy and just like that she seemingly forgets everything between Gatsby and herself. But being a great person is more than just those few things. Being a great person means being great and living up to that standard for most of your life. Most really great people continue to meet the standard of being great for a long time. That is part of what makes them so great. Jay Gatsby has turned his past life in to a fraud. Jay Gatsby who, for his own purposes, would break up a marriage. These are not tra its of a truly great man.Then we screw to the question Why? Why would Fitzgerald name the book The Great Gatsby? I believe it is because Nick is the narrator and does see him as great. When I was finished variant this novel I did not come off thinking not thinking wow that man was really great. I came off thinking (among other things) wow that title is not accurate because there is an abundance of evidence to the contrary even when it is presented by a narrator that thinks he is great. I believe that is what Fitzgerald wanted us to think (among other things).

Personal Trainer, Inc. Essay

BackgroundYou are enjoying your job as a student intern at Personal Trainer. Last week, Susan asked you to attend her plan the new information system project. Susan knows that you have completed several information systems courses at the local college, and that you have studied project management tools and techniques.Specifically, she wants you to break ready for the next set of systems development tasks, which will be requirements modeling for the new system. Yesterday, Susan called you into her office to discuss the specific tasks she wants you to perform. After meeting with Susan, you sit start and review your notes. She wants you to treat the set of tasks as a project, and to use project management skills to plan the tasks.Here is what she suggested to you as a work breakdown structure, including the continuation she estimated for each taskFirst, you need to meet with fitness center managers at other Personal Trainer locations (10 days).After these meetings, you can conduct a serial of interviews (8 days).When the interviews are complete, two tasks can begin at the same time you can review company records (2 days) and observe business operations (7 days).When you have reviewed the records and find business operations, you can analyze the BumbleBee accounting software (3 days) and study a sample of sales and billing transactions (1 day).You are excited around the opportunity to practice your skills, and you start to work on the following list.Personal Trainer, Inc.Fact-Finding SummaryA typical center has 300-500 members, with two membership levels good and limited. Full members have access to all activities. Limited members are restricted to activities they have selected, hardly they can participate in other activities by nonrecreational a usage fee. All members have charge privileges. Charges for merchandise and services are recorded on a charge slip, which is signed by the member. At the end of each day, cash sales and charges are entered into the BumbleBee accounting software, which runs on a computer workstation at each location.Daily cash gross are deposited in a local bank and credited to the corporate Personal Trainer account. The BumbleBee program produces a daily activity level with a listing of all sales transactions. At the end of the month, the local manager uses BumbleBee to transmit an accounts receiv fit heavyset to the Personal Trainer render in Chicago, where member statements are wide-awake and mailed. Members mail their payments to the Personal Trainer headquarters, where the payment is applied to the member account.The BumbleBee program stores basic member information, but does not include information about member preferences, activities, and history.Currently, the BumbleBee program produces one local report (the daily activity report) and three reports that are prepared at the headquarters location a monthly member sales report, an exception report for inactive members and late payers, and a quarterly profit-and-loss report that shows a breakdown of revenue and costs for each separate activity.Assignments1. List the system requirements, with examples for each category. Review the information that Susan gathered, and assume that she will add her own ideas to come upon more effective outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and controls.The system requirements for the new Personal Trainer system can be identified by careful analysis of the fact-finding summary on page 184. The summary contains a number of must statements, and various items on the wish list that were suggested by local managers and staff members. Students should be able to identify, classify, and enumerate these items. Sample suggestions for outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and controls might include the followingOutputs Report on delinquent payments, more frequent reports on trends and profitability, computerized activity and wellness log, more elaborate exception reports, what-if scenarios that managers can use to plan promotions and discountsInputs More information about member preferences, activities and history, method to obtain member suggestions and e-mail messagesDr. Rafael NievesPage 4Processes machine-driven process to scan key chain IDs or credit cards, process to manage part-time instructors and staffPerformance New design for sales slips, meliorate information on members Controls Standardized coding system to be used company wide, betterreconciliation of data, and creation of audit trails2. Are there scalability issues that Susan should take away? What are they? Scalability refers to a systems ability to handle increased business volume and transactions in the future. Because it will have a time-consuming useful life, a scalable system offers a better return on the initial investment. To evaluate scalability, Susan will need information about intercommunicate future volume for all outputs, inputs, and processes. For example, she would need to know the estimated numb er of nodes, transaction volume, peak periods, number and types of data items required for each transaction, and the method of accessing and updating customer files.3. If Susan wants to conduct a survey of current or prospective members to obtain their input, what type of sampling should she use? Why?Students might suggest a severalize sample of former members and prospective members. It is relatively easy to identify former members from Personal Trainers records, but it might be more unwieldy to identify prospective members. Several options are available. Personal Trainer might request survey input from members who have recommended friends in the past. Were the new members happy, and did they remain as members? Why or why not? This might be quite valuable input in predicting future membership results.Also, perhaps the company has a list of people who have requested information about Personal Trainer in the past, but never signed up for a class. That grouping might be an interes ting sample. Finally, former students might be an interesting group to survey. 4. Draw an FDD that shows the main operations described in the fact statement. The fact-finding summary on page 184 identifies many of Personal Trainers activities, functions, and processes. Answers will vary based on different perceptions of Personal Trainers main operations.

Chemistry Titration Acid Base Lab Essay

Question What effect does an indications pH prototype contain on the end point of the titration of acetum and 1.00 mol dm-3 of sodium hydrated oxide event? comparability CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCH3COO (aq) + HOH (l)Data Collection Table A Table Representing the Initial saturation of NaOH in the Burette, the Final Volume of NaOH in the Burette and the going betwixt Those decide for Specific Trials When Using various Indicators. There were a minimum of three visitations performed for this science science science laboratory as there acquireed to be three of the same diversity between the final and initial buret readings of the sodium hydrated oxide. This is out-of-pocket to the fact that a titration lab requires one to acquire three of the same values for this discussion section to understand the exact amount of base required to reach the endpoint of the reaction.IndicatorInitial Volume of NaOH solution (ml) 0.05Final Volume of NaOH solution (ml) 0.05Difference Between the Final and Initial Burette Readings (Volume of NaOH used) (ml) 0.1Qualitative Observations1. Calculate the Initial Concentration of acetic Acid Before Diluted With Distilled WaterC1V1 = C2V2C1= C2V2V1C1= (0.09mol/dm3)(0.1L)(0.01L)Concentration of Acetic Acid Before Dilution = 0.9mol/dm3Sample Calculation B Calculating Percent Uncertainty for the Volume of Sodium Hydroxide Needed for Different IndicatorsExample Bromocresol jet-propelled plane==25.0%Sample Calculation C Calculating the Percent ErrorPercent error )100) 100=0.034%Sample Calculation D Propagating Uncertainty for the Volume of Sodium Hydroxide Required for Each Indicator= (0.90.1) + (1.50.1) + (0.20.1) + (2.90.1) + (0.40.1)= 5.9ml0.1Graph A Titration curve of the Amount of Sodium Hydroxide Required to Reach the Endpoint for Different Indicators TestedGraph B Titrations curve of a fast(a) base and weak dosage. Approximately 9.2 is the pH of the comparability point as seen in the graph. destructionThis lab r equired one to determine the different scripts of sodium hydroxide base required to reach the end point of a titration with acetic demigod as the analyte when victimization different exponents. The equation is as followedCH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCH3COO (aq) + HOH (l)It was determined that phenolphthalein was the best indicator for use in this lab. This is ascribable to the fact that the vinegar that was used in class has an acetic bitter concentration of 0.87 mol/L which is 5.0% acetic dit (Meheen, n.a). In the lab, phenolphthalein required 0.90 mol/L of the sodium hydroxide solution in order for a color change to take place (endpoint was reached). This value is fairly close the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar used in the lab, then, phenolphthalein was the most accurate of indicators used in this titration lab.Through research it has been determined that phenolphthalein should pay back, in fact, been the best indicator of use. Phenolphthalein has a pH range be tween 8.0 to 9.8 which is an appropriate range for a weak acid strong base titration. This is because the equivalence point for this titration forget take place at a point of pH approximate to 9 which falls into the pH range for the indicator phenolphthalein. This slew be seen in Graph B. This equivalence point will be greater than 8.7 as the weak acid (vinegar) only partially dissociates and releases a little amount of its hydrogen ions, qualification it a weak acid. On the other hand, sodium hydroxide contains sodium acetate which raises the pH considerably of the vinegar as it is fairly prefatorial. Therefore, the equivalence point will be greater than seven and more than specialally approximate to 9. All of the indicators that were used did not have a pH range above 9 except for phenolphthalein. This is the yard why phenolphthalein was the best indicator.Graph A illustrates the different volumes of sodium hydroxide that was needed to reach the endpoint of the reaction whe n being added to a solution of vinegar victimization various indicators. The least amount of sodium hydroxide required to reach the endpoint of the reaction for the indicators used are displayed as followed methyl orange, bromocresol green, phenolphthalein, bromothymol somber and methyl red. Many indicators were used to determine which one was right for this specific lab. It was necessary to determine which indicator was correct for this lab. This poop be explained by the equivalence and endpoint. The equivalence point is the point of the reaction when one has added the correct amount of the base to the acid. However, the endpoint is the point in which the indicator changes color. Error bars are not present on the graphs displayed as titration labs require one to do continue experimentation for a test using a specific indicator until they have obtained a value for the difference between the final and initial burette readings (volume of NaOH used) a minimum of three times.The vine gar had a pH or approximately 2.4 making it highly sulfurous (Rousseau, 2012). Therefore, the equilibrium will be on the left(p). However, when the sodium hydroxide basic solution was added to the vinegar, the equilibrium started to shift more to the right. For instance, when base was being added to the vinegar solution with the indicator Bromocresol green, the color of the solution turned from yellow to green. When the green color is seen, the end point has been reached however, if the color becomes inconsolable then over-titration has taken place, therefore shifting equilibrium even further to the right.There were few anomalous results that arose during the course of the lab. For instance, for the test using phenolphthalein, one trial had a considerably larger difference between the final and initial burette readings (volume of NaOH used) of 1.4ml. The other trials all had a difference of 0.9ml for using this specific indicator. This can be seen in all tests using different ind icators except one represented in info collection table A, Bromocresol green. This proves that there were systematic and/or random errors that took place during the lab.EvaluationThere were few errors that took place during the course of experimentation. These errors could have negligibly instilled the results obtained throughout the process. One considerable error that took place was making the sodium hydroxide solution. 1gram of white crystalline sodium hydroxide pellets were required in order to create the solution. Unfortunately, while the pellets were being measured on the electronic balance they interacted with moisture from the air. to boot, the pellets were put in the volumetric flask when water that would subsequently mix with these pellets was being measured in the graduated cylinder. Therefore, there was dispense of time originally the water was placed in the volumetric flask for the sodium hydroxide pellets to absorb moisture from the air. This is a concern as real sodium hydroxide has the formula NaOH (s). Additionally in air there is carbon dioxide (CO2). The formula for the reaction between this carbon dioxide and the solid sodium hydroxide is as follows2 NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2OTherefore, the hydroxide from the sodium hydroxide and the oxygen from carbon dioxide combine to from water (H2O) which affects the results that were obtained in the lab (ATSDR, 2011). This is because the sodium hydroxide concentration in the solution that was made to act as the base, would have decreased as the pellets reacted with air to form water. It would have been beneficial to purchase the specific amount (in grams) of sodium hydroxide pellets that was necessary for this experiment (1gram). This would ensure the sodium hydroxide pellets would not react with the carbon dioxide in air for very coarse before being put in the volumetric flask with water added. This is because there would be no need to measure these pellets on the electronic balance.A very common error with titration labs is that over-titration often occurs. This is the point in which too much titrant is added to the analyte during a trial. Therefore, the reaction passed the endpoint as too much of the basic sodium hydroxide was added to the acidic vinegar solution containing acetic acid. Unfortunately, this took place for most trials. For instance, phenolphthalein reaches its endpoint when it changes from being clear and transparent to becoming a dim shade of pink.Though this may be, for all of our trials when using this indicator the color became a hot pink shade proving that over-titration had taken place. An improvement for this component of the lab is simple. An improvement to control this error would be to use a burette with a smaller dissipateing. This is because the endpoint can be overshot quite soft and this would ensure the error would not take place. It would have been best to manage the amount of base entering the beaker as much as possible with greater accur acy.An additional error that took place was how the stopcock was not entirely effective. This is due to the fact that when the stopcock was turned to close the burette opening, little droplets of sodium hydroxide would still pour into the beaker. This means that if the solution had reached the endpoint and additional droplets were leaked from the beaker an inaccurate reading of the sodium hydroxide in the burette would be recorded. This error could have been improved by using a BT50 digital burette (Bibby, 2010). This burette would ensure that a considerably small amount of sodium hydroxide would be discharged from the trick at most. A button will be pressed to stop the base from entering the beaker containing the acid electronically. The accuracy of this instrument is at bottom 0.2%, and precision is better than 0.1% allowing for the most accurate of results to be obtained.Temperature should have been controlled throughout the process as it does play a role in affecting the data obtained in a titration lab. The volumetric glassware used for the purpose of this lab is calibrated at 20oC and a higher temperature of a solution would result in it holding a greater volume than desired (Atkins). Since the way of life temperature is approximately 24oC it can be assumed that the temperature of the solutions used in the experiment were greater than 20oC. Therefore, these solutions can expand and the concentration in molarity would decrease.Therefore it would have been beneficial to keep the temperature of the acid and base constant at 20oC. This could have been achieved by using an alcohol thermometer. If the temperature for the acid and base were not 20oC, than it would either need to be placed in the refrigerator if the solution was too hot or would need to be put in a beaker and on a hot plate to reach the desired temperature.The temperature for each indicator that was used was not coherent throughout the lab. This is because the temperature of the room changed throughout experimentation. The door in the classroom was open to get rid of the stench from a lab done in the preceding(prenominal) class. Therefore, the temperature of the classroom was gradually getting colder and colder. A consistent temperature for each indicator would ensure that the pH range for a color change would not gain or decrease. This is because with a decrease in temperature there is less ionization that takes place allowing the pKa value to increase and therefore, the color change will occur at a higher pH.To ensure all the temperatures of the indicators were kept consistent throughout the lab it would have been beneficial to use an alcohol thermometer and place it in the indicator solution before conducting the trial (ChemBuddy, 2009). If the temperature changed for one trial, the indicator would either need to be placed in the refrigerator if the solution was too hot or would need to be put in a beaker and on a hot plate to reach the desired temperature. The ta ble below represents how temperature can affect the pH range for a color change for specific indicators. To ensure this does not occur, the lab should be taken out in a room with no windows so the temperature does not change. The table below represents how the endpoint changes with a change in the temperature of an indicator.IndicatorColor Change Range18oC100CMethyl Orange3.1-4.42.5-3.7Methyl Red4.4-6.24.0-6.0Phenolphthalein8.2-9.88.1-9.0Quoted from Chemia analityczna, J.Minczewski Z.Marczenko, PWN, Warszawa 1973.Another error was that there were bubbles in the burette tube. When the sodium hydroxide solution was poured in the burette it was done quite quickly creating many bubbles in the beaker. Unfortunately, my group could not afford rinsing the solution out and pouring in more sodium hydroxide solution because we wanted to ensure we had enough of the solution for the whole lab. Therefore the bubbles caused an inaccurate volume reading. The bubbles occupy a particular amount of v olume and this means that the volume in the burette would in fact be less than the amount reported during trials. Since the bubbles all formed near the stopcock it would have been best to pour the sodium hydroxide solution into a waste beaker in hopes that the bubbles would be eliminated before beginning the trial.This is because the pressure of the titrant in a burette will force the bubbles out. Unfortunately, in some cases the bubbles re important near the stopcock. If this is the case, it would be best to use a suction method approach. This involves one to partially open the stopcock allowing the contents of the burette to discharge in the beaker. Then, they will use the pipet bulb to suck air from the bubbles through the nozzle of the burette. This will stick out the air bubbles present in the solution out of the beaker into the suction device. One must ensure that the sodium hydroxide that was poured in the beaker during this process is accounted for by slowing pouring in the amount necessary in the burette for the trial to begin.One experimental error that was unavoidable was the cleaning of the burette before using it. It was necessary to clean the burette using water, as it may have had some residue or contamination from a previous experiment. Additionally this residue could have unnatural the pH of the sodium hydroxide solution that was to be put in the beaker for the purpose of this titration lab. However, there were some droplets of water left on the sides of the beaker after it was cleansed which would have decreased the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution that was subsequently poured in this material and lowered the pH level of the sodium hydroxide solution as water is neutral (pH of 7.0). With a lower concentration of sodium hydroxide in the base, the pH would have decreased therefore allowing more of this base to be added to the vinegar in order for the endpoint to be reached in a reaction. This is due to the fact that sodium hydro xide is a highly basic solution and water is neutral. When they are mixed the pH of the solution will be lower than the initial pH of the sodium hydroxide solution.An improvement for the lab could have been to detect the pH of the acid base titration once it has reached the endpoint using a pH meter. This was one of the limitations in this acid-base titration lab as the indicators that were used did not show a change in color at an exact value of pH but only changed in a specific range of the pH. For example, the indicator Bromocresol green changes the color of the solution of a pH range between 3.8 to 5.4. This range is considerably large resulting in one to obtain results that are not necessarily the most accurate. An improvement for this component of the lab would have been to use a pH meter. A pH meter is a device that that measures the pH of a solution by determining the voltage of the solution by immersing two electrodes in it. Then, the reading device will present the pH valu e. This would have led for the most reliable pH readings to be obtained and the correct amount of sodium hydroxide to be added to the acidic solution.The lab could have been furthered in several ways. It would have been interesting to test these different indicators and the amount of sodium hydroxide required for the end points to be shown when using a strong acid and base. At the equivalence point the same amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions will form water, therefore having a pH of 7. For instance, if hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were used the following reaction would take placeHCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)The first equation displays the reaction between the strong acid and strong base. The second reaction displays the HCl and NaOH dissociated in their respective ions. The last equation is known as the net ionic equation which eliminates the dish ions from the previous equ ation. This proves that water will be produced. The neutralisation reaction will take place because salt will also be formed. This is because the anion from the dissociation of the strong acid and the cation from the dissociation of the strong base will come together to form the salt. The salt is not seen the net ionic equation as it dissociates.For this acid base titration lab it was legitimate to compare the outcomes with other classmates to determine if there were any anomalies between the data that was obtained. This is because it would have provided one with the knowledge of the types of errors that occurred and how much it affected their data. For instance, Sarah and I compared our results with Rachel Hung and Yashna Lakhanis group.Yashna and Rachels groups provided information upon different indicators and some of the ones my group used as well. When comparing with the data of these groups it was determined that all of the results were mostly exactly the same or off by 0.1ml for the difference between the final and initial burette readings. For instance, for phenolphthalein, the value my group obtained for this was 0.9ml however, Yashnas group got 1.0ml. This could have been due to a human error known as a parallax. A difference of 0.1ml could have taken place as one of our groups were unable to determine the position of the meniscus on the burette and therefore, the wrong readings of sodium hydroxide solution could have be collected.An acid base titration has several uses. One of the main real life uses of this experiment is to mix compounded drugs. A pharmacist will need to mix drugs appropriately in order for them to be in the appropriate pH range for the human body. Antacids are commonly used to help issues concerning heartburn, acid reflux and more. These feelings most likely take place due to excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach which causes an uncomfortable feeling. This subsequently allows a backflow of this acid to go up the esophagus which can make mortal feel like their throat is burning. These checks counteract the acidity as they go to the stomach area and react with the hydrochloric acid. These tablets are basic and change the liquid in the stomach to being not as highly acidic. Common antacid tablets contain Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)2. A reaction equation by using an antacid tablet is shown as followedHCl+NaOH NaCl+H2OThe acid base titration in this case is used to determine the amount of the stomach acid present in ones body. Therefore, it can be discovered how much antacid will be needed for someone dealing with the issues mentioned above in order to make the hydrochloric acid present in their stomach less concentrated (Cavite, 2010). This will ensure the pH of the stomach will be less acidic. In other words, the lab will determine how much hydrochloric acid will be needed to be titrated by the base.Bibliography1. Acid-Base Indicators. Acid-Base Indicators. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .2. Meheen, T. 3- Lab. Titra tion Analysis of Vinegar. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .3. Rousseau, Sasha. If You Dilute Vinegar, How Will It demand the PH Value? EHow. Demand Media, 07 July 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .4. Toxic Substances Portal Sodium Hydroxide. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). N.p., 22 Apr. 2002. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. .5. Downloads. Stuart Digital Burette. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .6. CALIBRATION OF volumetric GLASSWARE. CALIBRATION OF VOLUMETRIC GLASSWARE. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .7. Acid Base Titration End Point Indicators. Acid Base Titration End Point Indicators. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .8. Pallas_reg. Acid-Base Titrations Analysis of Antacid Tablets. Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .

No Smoking Allowed On the Job or Off Case Study Analysis Essay

Should employers d admit the right to ban or snare sess by their employees at the workplace? Why do you think so? As is the case with OSHA, employees have the right to a safe and wholesome workplace. Since consume impedes on that right, I do believe that employers have the right to ban or restrict employee smoking at the workplace.Second hand smoke is a serious issue, one that is often overlooked by smokers. Nonsmokers have the right to not be exposed to something that they choose not to engage in. It is unfair for employees to be exposed to health risks that they are not person ally subjecting themselves to. Additionally, there is some responsibility on the workplace to ensure that added level of a safe and healthy environment. Since exposure to smoke is a health hazard, choosing to restrict or ban it cannot be seen as a violation of personal rights.2.Should employers have the right to restrict or ban smoking by employees off the job, as Weyco did? Why do you think so? I was b ust on this situation as I am a firm believer in personal rights. But considering the added health costs the employer must ensue for their smoking employees, shouldnt they have the right to say noI do think that employers should have the right to restrict or ban smoking off the job if it meets accepted criteria. For starters, employees must be given ample notification or if the rule is already in place, be notified in advance of applying to the agreement. Next, it is important that existing employees change by the change, as was the case at Weyco, be given the tools and opportunity to quit. I feel 15 months was an ample amount of time, given the tools the organization supplied, to off lifestyle changes if one chose to. Finally, I think there should be on overtaking support to educate and assist with the process.There are definitely certain industries that I believe should invoke this. A good example of this would be healthcare providers. Do you know how many times I see the nurs e who is going to be assisting me at the hospital or clinic outside smoking cigarettes? Ive actually seen oncologists smoking outside the hospital people who fight for lives that have been affected medically by smokingit enrages me. Thus, I do believe that hospitals should only employ nonsmokers. I must admit when I have to walk with a cloud of smoke to get to work, it infuriates me. I guess you might get a very different answer to these questions if you asked a smoker.3.Should the government tell smoking at work? If so, what would be the best public polity? Why do you think so? The simple solution to the problem would be to allow the government to regulate smoking at work.By offering public policy that mandated certain industries have to employ smoke free employees, censor all indoor smoking at work, igniting strict parameters on those industries allowed to have smokers, and continuing to penalize employees from a health insurance perspective the government could greatly hel p deter or control costs surrounding this awful habit. A possible consideration would be to make smokers fully pay for their own health insurance. If they saw the added cost they have on their employer maybe they would rethink their options.4.Should multinational firms have a single corporate policy on smoking in the workplace, or vary their policies depending on local laws and norms of behavior in various countries where they do chore? Again, this is a question I was thoroughly torn on. Having taken many global business courses,I recognize the importance of doing business according to the local laws and norms. In my opinion the health hazards imposed by smoking and exposure to second hand smoke remain constant regardless of location, local law or behavioral norms. However, it becomes difficult to do business in countries where you invoke rules and regulations that go against what the social norms are. Unfortunately I think if you go against the grain in other countries you are mor e likely to smash-up resistance and be unable to find employees to work for you. Although, I also believe to be fair to US employees, national locations should be treated the same.My organization is owned by a Dutch based company and they often invoke policies that seem odd here in the US, but they blanket all decisions across all locations. I cant decide which makes more sense. My business hat says no they should not have a single policy but my human resources hat says yes they should.

Ethnocentrism: Culture and Editorial Board Essay

ABSTRACTThere ar servicemany an(prenominal) guinea pigs that can be attributed to an roughones heathen beliefs and how they can relate to an separate individuals specific cultural beliefs and strike out standards. Sometimes these issues can be minor and dealt with appropriately, but in other cases these cultural differences can be monumental and cause different societies to wage wars against one a nonher. The way that an individual judges or perceives other glosss beliefs and standards based on the guidelines of their ingest refining is what sociologist refer to as ethnocentrism and is what we are going to be looking at in further detail in this paper.There are many factors that contribute to the persistent societal disputes and disagreements that are forever occurring throughout the globe. There is a great divide that can be felt in regards to take careing and accepting each individual society each one has its own unique husbandry and many individuals are not capable o f wake a culture different than their own without passing predisposed judgments and ideas that are typically instilled by their own culture. Ethnocentrism is a term that sociologists use to define this universally occurring unaccepting set of attitudes and behaviors. Ethnocentrism can be attributed to loving evolution, local & foreign competition and can also be a result of cooperation with what is considered to be the in- companys and not the out-groups (Axelrod & Hammond, 2003). The master(prenominal) concept of ethnocentrism is individuals seeing their specific group or culture as being the in-group or the superior to the other cultures and the individuals that they are comprised of. Judging another culture by the standards of their own it is important to remember that ethnocentrism is not the same as racism (Rodriguez, 2013).Culture is a very important factor of ethnocentrism and it is vital to assure what is it culture is everything that can be associated with a specific gr oup of individuals, it is the way a group of individuals or society think and act in a common manner generally a result of how they wereraised, the way they communicate a common set of ideas or the making and earning of symbols special to that group as well as the traditions that unify that group of individuals by having established shared values, beliefs and customs. Culture includes also the things that we own, the material objects that we consider to be important and the social institutions that we value, mores and folkways and the technology that is available and depended on (Editorial Board, 2012). As Americans there are many things as a society and culture that we have suit accustomed overly freedom of choice and speech, freedom to express our individuality the United States was founded on the principle the equality for every individual is fundamental and is the reason we have become more comm save known as the melting pot.There are many various cultures that are represente d throughout our society and many of which are to some degree maintaining the characteristics and traditions of their homeland (Editorial Board, 2012). The fact that America is considered to be a melting pot and is the land where foreign individuals come for their chance at the American dream is considered to be a large contributor of ethnocentricity mentality of white Americans. This mentality leads to a sense of power and superiority and the labeling of other cultures as unequalised or unimportant in our country in many this leads to a sense of resentment from both sides resulting in violence.There are many aspects of the American culture that we consider to be acceptable, the correct way of doing things these behaviors are specific to our culture, our norms (Editorial Board, 2012) and just as we may be offended and by aspects of other cultural norms it is important to remember that the same is true for other cultures as well, they may find them to be extreme, disturbing or even unethical. It is important to remember that many cultures view us with the same predetermined judgments and perceptionsSet by their own culture and that ethnocentrism is not only how Americans view other societies and why the violence and dying due to these judgmental attitudes is so prevalent. galore(postnominal) of the fundamental concepts and behaviors of the American culture are not considered to be acceptable in other cultures such as our principle of freedom and equality, these are not common attributes of many societies,equality and individualism are nonexistent in many our general lack of comfort both professional and personal has a tendency to make members of different cultures disquieting and can be punishable by law of nature in some (Rodriquez, 2013). If an American were to go to a traditional Arab society in the summer months wearable our traditional summer attire, fiddlings, thank top and sandals it would likely cause an issue this societies cultural standard req uires women to be fully covered from head to toe and has very strict rules I have no doubt that she would be chevy by local law enforcement and even made remarks to by local civilians, she would be started at and considered to be very unacceptable because this is not what is deemed acceptable in their society. This assignment required us to watch a movie that communicated the cultural values and norms of a different culture for this I decided to use a tradition that has become a cultural norm in variations throughout many societies.This tradition originated in Egypt and was borrowed by many other cultures and changed to fit their own cultural & religious needs. This traditional religious rite I still radiation diagramd today in many different cultures considering our own. This is not a topic I would generally consider for a paper but it certainly did provide me with a unique cultural experience. The movie I watched was called the cut it is a short accusative on the controversial r itual of female person circumcision also know in many cultures as female genital mutilation. This documentary was on the prevalence of the tradition in Egypt but this is also a common procedure in many other cultures. This ritual has been performed for over 200,000 years and is stockyly imbedded in the roots of the Egyptian culture (The Cut, 2013). FGM is just as common in many cultures, if not more as the circumcision of infant boys in the American culture but due to the nature of the procedure has been considered a highly controversial, undiscussed issue that affects many different cultures and more specifically a large amount of the female members of these cultures.The documentary reported that over 90% of the females in Egypt have been through the procedure and there are similar numbers in other practicing countries. Many materialization girls some as young as 9 years old are forced to go through this ritual often rally and gagged without regard to the sisterrens wishes, t here are 2 different types of FGM both undoubtedly extreamly offendful the first type removes only the clitoris while the plunk for type removes both the clitoris and the labia this is doneby inserting pins into the top and bottom as well as the middle to stretch the skin and enable a mid-wife to cut the skin. This procedure is done with no anesthesia and due to the fact that it was outlawed in Egypt 5 years ago it is often performed in the childs house. The outlawing of FGM has been of little benefit, if anything it has caused more damage. Infection and death have become more common as many parents fear prosecution and do not get medical attention when necessary resulting to an increase of deaths from the ritual. FGM was the main topic of the documentary but it also offered a visual image of their surrounding the range where they were filming looked like a whole other world, a dust covered, and dirt road, full of clay hut like houses where the women were completely covered weari ng traditional vales.I was surprised to see that many of the men who were filmed walking down the busy shop lined streets were wearing similar queue clothes to that of our American business men, they had on expensive looking suits some had ties, some did not, and I was also surprised that there were some wearing jeans and t shirts. One of the interviews was conducted inside the womens house which was elaborately decorated with silks and beautiful gold statues and metal accents. There was also a strong behavior difference, in American society many people like and want to be on TV, news and radio interviews are conducted every day on delicate subjects but this is not the case for the women on this documentary. Many of them appeared to be fearful and reluctant due to the fact that their culture considers it unacceptable to speak with anyone especially outsiders on camera about such a sensitive traditional subject (The Cut, 2013). There are many reasons that I personally had the react ion I did to the documentary and more specifically the subject matter itself, being a women of any culture makes this an offensive tradition or cultural belief this part of the female be is a very private if not sacred part of the body and to forcibly remove it with no regard for the young girls wishes is very disturbing.To speculate the pain they are subjected to and the lifelong consequences it can have there have been no medical benefits associated with the procedure, in the Egyptian culture there is not some(prenominal) of a religious aspect of the ritual either it is conducted on behalf of the grooms family and is often a requirement for marriage. I find it unfathomable that these young women are forced through this ritual with no anesthesia or pain medication during or after to remove the parts ofthe female body that are capable of arousal or pleasure out of fear they will enjoy this experience to make them more desirable to be a bride. As Americans we are exposed to sex on a daily basis, TV acquaints, commercials, movies and even the news, Americans are matter to with sex it is a form of entertainment for us, a type of communication and for some even a career and others just a hobby, this just goes to show the level of difference that can be seen between various cultures. In many different cultures sex is not spoken about ever, in our culture it is hard to make it through the day without hearing a reference to sex.Many relationships in our culture especially one between a man and his wife have a foundation to some degree on physical romance and the connection that it forms. In many of these sexual relationships the ultimate oddment is personal pleasure or satisfaction of both individuals, look at the abundance of his/her personal lubricants, condoms and other accessories that are present in our culture to take care and enhance this process, there are even herbal remedies and prescription medications to help women achieve orgasm during sexual inte rcourse.This is not the case in Egypt and other cultures that practice FGM this ritual is performed as not only a method of purification but to prevent female orgasm the pain is supposed to serve as a reminder that sexual arousal and pleasure is unacceptable (The Cut, 2013). There are many complications associated with this ritual and has been proven to be more harmful physically and mentally than beneficial many of the members of these practicing cultures see it as a symbol of purification and not an act of violence. In many cases of FGM the mother in law will check to ensure their son is marrying a pure women and it is also believe that young women that are not circumcised will be short, stubby and unattractive.I find it shocking that this practice is still so common or ever was in the first place, many female members of these societies also find this ritual to be disturbing and unnecessary. I feel that many members of our society would find this aspect of the Egyptian culture to be disturbing and would certainly cause an ethnocentrism attitude. In our American culture we have a similar tradition, many still consider this to be controversial but the circumcision of infant boys is also embedded deep into our cultural roots and has been performed for many generations.In our society the culturalnorm is to remove the excess skin while the child is still an infant and the pain will not be remembered this tradition is slightly religious and slightly attributed to medical benefits such as decrease risk of infection later in life but was originally used to signify the transition from boy to man as well as to purify the body as the openings were believed to be entrances for impure malignant spirits (Millett, n.d). There are critics and opposers to our tradition as well both inside and out of our own culture which can be seen as another example of ethnocentrism. Many associate both FGM and circumcision of infant boys to be a form of hierarchical control by subjecting young children to correct to a hierarchical system and religious beliefs and cultural norms that they may not wish to be associated with (Millett, n.d).It is often very difficult for members of a society to accept, read or even conform to their own cultural standards never mind those of a different culture how an individual or group of individuals act or react in relationship to others, especially a different culture is what sociologists refer to as social interaction and is fundamental to understanding and having the ability to understand the thoughts, actions and interactions with other individuals, especially those that are different than ourselves (Editorial Board, 2012). As human beings there is undoubtedly one thing that we have in common, our reluctance to accept that which is different, to understand the action of others in which we disagree with, these negative attributes of our species leads to a great deal of conflict and violence which and between both homogenous socie ties such as Egypt which is primarily comprised of the same culture and dichotomous societies such as America which is made up of multiple various cultures.Homogenous societies generally have less hostility and issues than that of dichotomous due to the fact that most members are raised and socialized in the same manner and have a similar shared set of values but even in these societies there can still be conflict like that surrounding the controversial topic of FGM. A dichotomous society is much more likely to have conflict between the various cultures present and the complications it can bring when trying to communicate on an social level these issues and complications are also large contributors to ethnocentrism.There are many consequences ofethnocentrism and the attitudes associated with it and are a large part of our inability as not only a nation but globally to deal with many of the important critical issues that often get neglected due to the fear of being uncomfortable an d lack of understanding as well as the effort necessary to effectively work interdependently with other societies and cultures and the individuals they are made up of too documentation and aide rather than to judge and wage wars based on our own specific cultural standards and beliefs.REFERENCESEditorial Board. (2012). Introduction to Sociology. (1st ed), Prentice HallThe Cut. (2013). Female Circumcision is Egypt is Custom, customs duty and Religion.Retrieved on 4/17/2013 from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=a25S9jrEmKc

The Value Of Health Across Cultures

Evaluating the Value of health and Cultural Heritage across Cultures Culture and values are standards that influence and shape human behaviors, decision making processes, private relationships, and status of wellness and happiness. The United States has become a symbol of a multi pagan society representing many different ethnicities and minority groups. As our culture continues to move up rapidly so is the necessity to increase awareness, understanding, and tolerance of these diverse groups.As health care providers we must understand the basic inevitably of our patients, whether they are black, white, park or purple, and the repercussions of prejudices and cultural insensitivities. Health care providers need to become responsive to the cultural values of different peoples and how these could augment effective and humanistic care preservation (Edelman, 2010). The Heritage Assessment Tools allows you to identify individual cultural beliefs and behaviors. These beliefs have shaped how we value health, the ways we maintain our health and the practice/acceptance of modern medicine.For example, if a patient identifies those relationships with family members or members from the community are highly valued then the nurse should consider lenience with the hospital visiting policy to represent the patients needs to maintain and restore their health. Many cultures value a caring holistic approach to medicine that incorporates family and supports systems to promote healing. Some cultures do not emphasis the practices of Hesperian medicine and utilize healers like priests, herbalists, or scientologist.By applying a heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of the patient as well as maintaining an diffuse and understanding relationship of their culture, nurses can work to meet their needs in a holistic approach. How we have learned to take care of ourselves or our health maintenance varies from culture to culture. I grew up in a culture where regular exercise, wat ching what you ate, and being thin is in were highly valued. I and nearly of my friends had retainers and braces to maintain the image of good health with a picture perfect smile.As kids we were all active and parents provided healthy snacks as well as well balanced meals. Fast food and take-out was a once-in-a-while indulgence. For ethnic groups, health as a value may have different definitions and their behavior may reflect this(Edelman, 2010). I interviewed a Hispanic female and her family about how her culture has influenced her maintenance of day-to-day health. Family is an important dynamic in her culture, putting everyone else in her family sooner herself. Her family has influence of her everyday decision making, sure her children and grown parents are always well taken care of.Diet is based on being satisfactory to provide for the family more than the value of the foods nutrients. She admits that fast food is a cheaper option for feeding her children than stocking up on healthy produce at the grocery store. Her planetary house is shared with her husband, four children, and her two parents, so they are all involved in taking care of one another. I also had the opportunity to meet with a family that traveled from Saudi Arabia to receive cardiac evaluation and treatment at the world renowned Texas Medical Center.The adult male patient as his married woman were very private and did express interest in developing personal relationship with their nurse, so most my assessment was made from conversations held with their daughter a practicing physician in the same hospital. She told me that health maintenance is highly valued and the government provides a number of health care services to the public. Those who can allow it will travel elsewhere for expert opinions and cutting edge treatments. In regards to their routine values of health maintenance, their family practices and beliefs are based from Muslim religion and culture.Islam promotes heathland and wellness with meditation, proper diet, regular activity and cleanliness (bathing, fragrance, attention to hair and nails). Lastly, their culture strictly dictates the foods they eat as well as what is considered toxic or destructive to their health. The ways of preventing disease or health protection has made an impact on health care. Growing up with access to health insurance, routine doctors visits, vaccinations, and educational programs to promote heath and wellness such as the D. A. R. E program was normal practice. One of the biggest obstacles for the Hispanic family was not having access to affordable health are. Health care insurance is not affordable for many poor Americans, whose priorities are the basic needs of health including food, clothing, and shelter rather than health care(Edelman, 2010). They admit to not having good preventative health care like routine physicals, medication compliance, attending follow-up appointments, and regular dental hygiene. existence hosp italized is often a inhabit resort because of the finical stress is can cause because of lack of health insurance. In contrast to the Hispanic American family, the Saudi family viewed out of pocket expenses a low priority when considering health protection.This patient needed to have heart surgery and with support from immediate and extended family members in the United States, some practicing as physicians, this was the best option. Good health is often a sign of affluence and high social status. How individuals deal with disease and restore health is based from cultural beliefs and learned experiences. Learning from personal experience with my family members being hospitalized and being treated for disease, we are aggressive with treatment and expect the information and results quickly.We expect to have everything through to treat illness and when modern medicine fails we have a hard time accepting that reality because of our faith in the health care system, doctors, and nurses. The Islamic culture also encourages individuals to seek medical help and treatment. Religion plays a huge part in healing and health restoration. I witnessed my patient and his wife praying regularly. Family is also key for this culture, demonstrating strong ties with both immediate and extended family at the bedside involved in regular discussion with physicians and other health care providers.Being able to afford out of pocket expenses hey expect the highest level of expertise and excellence in care from their health care providers. Some times family members will add to these expenses. Hispanic cultures typically cater towards men, children, and the elders in the household. This Hispanic American female admits that even immediately after having her fourth baby, she was still the primary care sponsor to her children and homemaker/care taker of the household.Also, she admits that even though not having regular access to medical care this does not influence how she provides attenti on and nurtures her family members during times illness. Her culture has a strong emphasis on family and religion as well as practicing traditional home remedies. Being surrounded by family and prayer helps her and her family in times sickness and promotes healthy recovery. Based on the three different cultures evaluated there is one strong common value, family.Health traditions and beliefs are greatly influenced from learned family practices as well as from influential support systems. This century will continue to be a time of great challenges as the population of the U. S. continues to be a nation of diverse peoples(Edelman, 2010). Nurses continue to make many positive moves toward understanding culturally diverse populations (Edelman, 2010). As we have learned, culture is a very uncomparable and complex set of values. By being aware of cultural differences and gaining cultural knowledge nurses can help promote and ensure a healthy society.

China in Africa Essay

In brief the NAI Policy Dialogue questions the World depose recommendations for large scale agriculture to solve the productivity and equity problems in African agriculture. The whole issue of topographic point rights is intimately linked to the question close to agriculture and development. The contribution by Benjaminsen and Sjaastad on aspects of property rights formalization in Africa draws on recent processes in Mali and Tanzania. A general conclusion is that the formalization of property rights in rural areas is a very complex and problematic issue.There is a high risk of the process being co-opted by officials and a pixilated elite, if necessary provisions are not made. Finally, Kjell Havnevik draws our attention to the relationship between inequality and climate change. This contribution is based on a dumbfoundation he made in Berlin in June 2007. Decoding the evolving ChinaAfrica relations is the theme of an article written by NAI Research Director Fantu Cheru. He sugge sts that policies and programmes to deal with the present imbalances between China and Africa require us to revisit and redefine the NEPAD agenda.A regional approach will, in his opinion, help African countries to negotiate from a stronger and break off platform. During 2008 researchers at NAI will continue to devote attention to this topic. In our call into question section we present one interview with Martha Qorro, professor in English language, on the question about the language of instruction in Tanzania. She is of the opinion that the best way to teach English is not to use it as the language of instruction. She likewise responds to the question why the question of language of instruction has become such a sensitive political issue in Tanzania.In our second interview Jerome Verdier, chairman of the Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission, points to the fact that the TRCs part of the conflict resolution is nothing new. Liberia has a history of resolving community conflic ts at the large table. But in the past there were no prolonged conflicts, such as the recent 4 year period of massive human rights violation. In the research section we present the result of a conference which took place at NAI, Uppsala, in September 2007 regarding the ongoing discussions between EU and the ACP countries on frugal Partnership Agreements.The discussion at the conference highlighted the lack of connection between the poverty alleviation goal and the reality of the negotiations, despite numerous political declarations on both the EU and ACP sides. Key decisions on EPAs will soon be made by EU and ACP ministers. The Africa Europe Group of Interdisciplinary Studies, AEGIS, of which NAI is an active member, is presented done three contributions. Photo by Susanne Linderos News from the Nordic Africa Institute 3/2007First, we bring you an interview with the AEGIS Chair, Professor Patrick Chabal of Kings College, London.

Development of Classical States and Empires

Differences of Africas civilizations a. Small regions of Mediterranean culture in N. and S. extremes, large deserts (Sahara, Kalahari), big regions of savanna grasslands, tropical rain forest in continents center, highlands + mountains in E. Africa iii. One distinctive environmental feature bisected by equator = most tropical of the adult males three supercontinents a. Persistent warm temp. = rapid decomposition ot vege table question (humus) = poorer and less fertile soils and less productive agriculture than in more emperate Eurasia + spawned disease-carrying insects/parasites v. Feature proximity to Eurasia a. Allowed parts of Africa to interact w/Eurasian civilizations b. N.Africa incorporated into papist Empire, produced wheat/olives w/slave labor, Christianity spread widely famous martyrs c. Saint Augustine theologian d. Christian faith found more permanent foothold in present-day Ethiopia v. Arabia another point of come home w/larger world v. Domesticated camel = nomadic pastoral way of life later, made trans-Saharan commerce contingent (linked W. Africa 0 Med. Civilizations) vii. Over centuries, E. African coast = port of call for Egyptian, Roman, Arab merchants = became integral part of Indian Ocean trading networks viii. External connections + internal development of African societies generated patterns of change during classical era A.Geez language used court, in towns, for commerce written in script derived from S. Arabia c. Measure of ctrl over mostly Agaw-speaking ppl of country thru undefended administrative structure tribute payments d. Romans P Axum third major empire after own and Persian v. Introduced to Christianity thru connections to Red ocean trade + Roman world (Egypt) v. King Ezana monarch of fourth century (when Christianity was introduced), adopted Christianity (same time as Constantine in Roman) v. Mounted campaign of imperial expansion across Red Sea 0 Yemen in S. Arabia vii. Decline environmental changes (soil exhaustion, erosion, deforestation brought about intensive farming) viii.Rise of Islam 0 altered trade routes, diminished revenue available to Axumite state, emerged Christian perform (present-day Ethiopia) x. Meroe + Axum paralleled on smaller scale major features of classical civ. Of Eurasia long-distance trading connections, urban centers, centralized states, complex societies, monumental architecture, written language, imperial ambitions, direct contact w/Med. civilizations II. Along the Niger River Cities without States Urbanization in middle stretches of Niger R. in W. Africa Growing s of ppl from S. Sahara into fertile floodplain of middle Niger in search of access to water w/domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, agri pagan skills, ironworking tech.Ppl created distinctive city-based civilization Oenne-Jeno) No imperial system No centralized political structure cities w/o citadels Emerged as clusters of economically specialized settlements surrounding a larger central town Earliest + most prestigious specialized occupation = iron smithing Roderick McIntosh archeologist, leading fgure in excavation of Jenne-Jero Villages of otton weavers, potters, leather workers, griots grew around cent. Towns Occupational castes (passed Jobs/skills to children, could only marry within own group) Farmers tilled soil, raised animals, specialization in farming fishing, rice finishing Growing network of indigenous W.African commerce Middle Niger flood-plain supported rich agriculture and had clay for pottery, lacked stone, iron, ore, salt, fuel Ghana, Mali, Songhai W. Africa Ill. South of the Equator The World of Bantu Africa i. Most hearty development involved accelerating movement of Bantu-speaking ppls into enormous subcontinent i. Bean from homeland region (present-day SE. Nigeria + Cameroons) iii. Bantu expansion slow movement of peoples brought to Africa south of equator measure of cultural and linguistic commonality, marking it as a distinct region of the continent A. Cultu ral Encounters v. Advantages a. as agriculture generated more productive economy 0 larger s to live in smaller area b.Farmers brought both parasitic and infectious diseases (to which foraging people had little immunity) c. Iron, tools/weapons v. Kalahari regions of SW. Africa and few places in E. Africa, gathering and capture urvived (such as San) vi. In rain forest region of Central Africa, foraging Batwa (Pygmy) = forest specialists 0 honey, wild game, elephant products, animal skins, medicinal barks and plants vii. Adopted Bantu languages viii. In drier env

Analysing The Giver by Lois lowry and Anthem by Ayn Rand Essay

AbstractThis investigation out bends the fine line amongst utopias and dystopias. It assesses the topic of when and how the lurch from a utopia to a dystopia chiffonier occur, analyzing the characteristics that let up a utopia and a dystopia. This investigation impart examine 2 Utopian/dystopian narratives. In twain newss, we will gossip characteristics of a dystopia, and be further exposed to two contrary lives under a utopian familiarity. We will examine The sponsor by Lois Lowry and hymn by Ayn Rand. The books will be evaluated for their displace, superstar, judicature group, and how they expose the themes of erasing aroundbodyal identity and individuality, in that locationfore, answering the question of to what extent do the tell throughs of utopian societies in their attempt to create a unblemished world rather create a dystopia? Many characters in the narrative may non teach the washyions of the society. The protagonist is digestd by his/her force to recognize the imperfection of the utopia, highlighting the faults in his/her federation. This is where we fancy the shift from a utopia to a dystopia. When we see the faults of this perfect world, we realize that the world presented to us in the novel is an imperfect and vile world, also known as a dystopia.IntroductionThe world utopia is based on two contrasting latin roots ou-topos meaningno place, or eu-topos meaning honorable enough place (Ferns 2). each translation of utopia can apply to the works that atomic number 18 considered utopian literature. Looking at the firstborn definition of utopia, meaning no place, we can analyze that in utopian literature, there is no prov qualified setting or epochline of when the story is taking place (Spencer). Utopias seem to exist in past time when the world was seen as perfect by galore(postnominal) optimists. Utopian communities atomic number 18 much isolated from the put down of the world, and every nonp atomic number 18il in the confederation is committed to the lifestyle and is nurseled by a governing group (Spencer). Furthermore, utopias atomic number 18 fictitious locations that only exist in the minds of their creators. On the separate hand, the other definition of utopia ch solelyenges that idea. The other definition, defines utopias as a trusty place.That can be seen in many works, where the community is perfect because it is under a controlled environment. In such books, as stated before, the community is controlled by a hierarchy of pile, a brass to maintain the pacification and equality. They control every feeling of the community, from the living conditions to the lifestyle of its citizens (Ferns 2). The council instills fear into the heart of their citizens, to make them obey what is said by the council. They grow dependent on the council, and never estimate to disobey the laws because they think they can not survive without the aid of the council. In addition to controlling th e aspects of life in the community, the council tries to control the feelings and reactions of the citizens. By erasing the idea of uniqueness and identity from the citizens, they continue to make them dependent upon the system. In such utopian communities, the members are not al haplessed to choose their spouses, professions, or children, therefore, eliminating the prominent characteristics of individuality (Matteo).In some works of utopian literature, the word I is not included in the text instead, it is replaced by the word we, when someone is referring to themselves. Eliminating the pickaxe of identifying yourself as a unique somebody decreases the intellect of strength given to the spate. Under the controlled environment, the utopia suits the definition instead thoroughly. However, once the protagonist realizes and demands his/her rights, is when we see a major transition in the theme occurring in utopian literature, producing a shift from a utopia to a dystopia. A dysto pia is defined as an imperfect and troublesome speculative place. Similarly found in or so utopian literature, atthe branch of the novel, we perceive the world as both perfect and good. We continue to think this way until we realize the faults of the community and substantiate the idea that a long deal all utopias are dystopias, granted that the reader and the protagonist are ignorant to the fact. We soon comprehend the characteristics that outline a dystopian society. These include controlling every aspect of life, eliminating Individuality and identity, and beingness secluded from the after-school(prenominal) world, all of which are major characteristics of a dystopian society.Protagonist in DystopiasDystopias can be determine by the protagonist through his/her actions in the story. In a dystopia, usually we view the environment from an aspect of only one of the members of the community. At the beginning of the book, the author fools the readers into thinking that the com munity is normal, as that of an ordinary soulfulnesss life. However, as the reader continues on, they are interrupted by the sudden implication of abnormal aspects of the protagonist characters. These examples can exert from their family, channel, feeling, and events in their everyday life. Dystopias often mention the breakriction that are forced upon the protagonist, and how he/she rejects them (Spencer). The author finds a way to hint how strong the control of the governing council is forced upon the members of the community. The protagonists of the story are unceasingly characteristized as different from the rest, and therefore they view their community differently (Spencer).Frequently seen in utopian literature, the protagonist is given a unique ability that let ones him/her from the rest of the members. That ability can vary from the ability to see, hear, taste, or feel differently, causing them to appear intellectually superior to the citizens of the community (Ferns 30). Anything that gives the protagonist something special in personality is considered bad in the community, and is discouraged. In most works, the protagonists are given those ability to increase their sense of individuality, causing them to drive back against their community. We find that the protagonist is unsure of his/her feeling toward the governing system, which is affected by the people around him/her.Commonly in utopian literature, the protagonist comes in contact with characters who are completely under the control of the governing system, and also those who goagainst the council for their personal needs. That causes the protagonist to begin to question his/her society, which is a major theme between all dystopian works (Spencers). In addition, in most works of dystopian literature, usually the protagonist decides that the community is restricting him/her of something he/she wants to accomplish. The protagonist capacity perceive the communitys control as normal, even so wh en he/she finds something so meaningful to them that is discouraged by the community, they respond by revolting and leaving the community. Standing up and revolting against the system is something that needs much strength and bravery, which is what is showcased by the protagonist.The Giver by Lois LowryOne well known example of a dystopian novel is The Giver by Lois lowry. In the book we are introduced to the main character Jonas and his behavior with his family. At first he seems to live a normal life. However, when he describes how his family came to exhausther was when he sight that abnormalities began to appear. Lowry writes, Two childrenone male, one femaleto each family unit. It was create verbally very clearly in the territorys (Lowry 14). Jonas describes how his parents were picked to marry by the House of elder (governing party), and how his sister and he were given to them. In other words, in his community people have no choice in who they marry or who their children w ill be.From choosing a spouse, to having children, and other factors such as rush choice, all were decided by the House of Elders. We perceive Jonas as the protagonist because it is apparent that he differs from his community. Lowry highlights his diversity using his eyes as a symbol of significance and disorder. We are told that Jonas eyes are different in how they perceive things, and how he is the only one that can see different colors. Lowry refers to the subject in a reflection by JonasAlmost every citizen in the community had dark eyes. His parents did, and Lily did, and so did all of his group members and friends. But there were a few exceptions Jonas himself, and a female Five who he had noticed had the different, lighter eyes (Lowry 25). This reflection was Jonass explanation of his eyes, after his sister pointed out how his eyes differed from therest of the family. We see that Jonas has special characteristic of a dystopian protagonist. He stands different from the rest and, therefore, conflict is created because he realizes his individuality. We then go through Jonass twelfth ceremony, in which he is given the job of the liquidator of memory. He moldiness go to an old man known as the Giver and receive the memories of the community.These memories localise from snowstorms, to wars fought, to simple happy moments. Some were very comforting, while others haunted Jonas. The story then drifts to a word picture where a little baby that his forefather is taking care of created Gabriel. He was an ill child, notwithstanding Jonass father could not bare to euthanize him. He to a faultk care of him, and Jonas helped by giving him sweet memories to make him rejoin asleep. Lowry writes, after(prenominal) Gabe had slept soundly in Jonass room for four nights, his parents had pronounced the experiment a conquest and Jonas a hero (Lowry 131). Seeing his effect of being able to comfort Gabriel, Jonas stick outs to think that the people of his community should see these memories.However, the House of Elders discouraged the idea it due to the fact that it might frighten some people. In order to release the memories, Jonas would have to pass away or leave the community. In an attempt to revolt against the House of Elders, Jonas and the Giver planned a scheme for Jonas to runaways and leave the community, therefore psychotherapeutic all the memories to the public. Unfortunately, their plans conquer interpreted as Jonas fled the community early, trying to help save Gabriel. Gabriel was sent to be euthanized the next day, in attempt to please the Giver and save Gabriel, Jonas fled. They leave the community and begin to experience the memories transferred to Jonas, hoping to live a normal life with a different community.hymn by Ayn RandA well known sanctioned dystopian novel is Ayn Rands famous book Anthem. In the book we are first introduced to comparability 7-2521 as he writes or so his life in his community. It appears to be a per fect utopia. Each person is not given a name, but instead a faction that accommodates a word representing peace and equality, and a number.The citizens are not encouraged to be individuals but instead one whole community. We are introduced to the vows of the World Council said by the people everyday, We are one in all and all in one. There are no men but only the great WE, one, indivisible andforever (Rand 19). The book begins by equating 7-2521 referencing to himself as We equality 7-2521, he talks about being scared, because he is in the tunnel alone in his community, citizens are not allowed to be alone. They are encouraged to always be in a group of people. By the small hints, we see that individuality and having your own identity is something that is not encouraged.As we get to know Equality 7-2521 more, we realize that he is curious and very intelligent- two things that are not encouraged as well. At the beginning of the book the teacher, shames him for being too smart and too tall. Ayn Rand writes, It is not good to be different from our brothers, but it is evil to be superior to them. The teacher told us so, and they frowned when they looked upon us (Rand 21). He is taught that being different is bad. He sees his intelligences as a curse, until he realizes the value of his individuality. After working alone for so long, he discovers electricity and circuits his own light bulb. All this is done in secret because he was assigned the job of street sweeper. It would be a crime to think and do something that was not his job it is also a crime to be alone. He keeps the bulb quiet for many days but finally decides that the House of Scholars would love the invention so much they would not penalise him for breaking the law. He waits until the right day and shows his invention to them.They become angry, threaten to kill him and demolish his invention. Rand describes their outrage, A Street Sweeper A Street Sweeper walking in upon the World Council of Scholar s It is not to be believed It is against all the rules and all the laws (Rand 69). The World Council is outraged that someone who was given a job so low in status, can create something that scholar could not think of yet. That special ability of intelligence that Equality 7-2521 has, breaks the set up of the system (i.e. that everyone is only capable of the job given to them by the council). Excelling past a persons determined status encourages others to do the same, creating rebellions. Equality 7-2521 decides that its not worth it to confront the council, but rather easier to flee the community with his invention into the unmapped forest. After many days alone he is happy to see the face of a girl that he loved.Another rule he stone-broke was talking to a peasant girl named Liberty 5-3000, yet he renames her The Golden One. Even though this is considered a sin, Equality 7-2521 gave her a name because he loved her. Rand writes We have given them a name in our thoughts. We callthe m The Golden One. But it is a sin to give men names which distinguish them from other men (Rand 41). The two of them fall in love, and after Equality 7-2521 leaves, Liberty 5-3000 chooses to follow him into the uncharted forest. After leaving the community, they once thought was perfect, they start to experience new adventures they did not know existed. For the first time, they see their own reflection, live together, read books, and most importantly they start use of the word I.Settings in DystopiasIn both novels, we can see characteristics of setting in dystopian literature. Firstly, in both novels the setting is not identified. In The Giver, Jonas speaks about the different house that are in his community, but he never reveals exactly where they are. He does not mention what is beyond his community and only let us know that there are other communities based on a conversation. In the beginning of the book, we are introduced to his sister Lily who speaks of how she is angry because another kid from a different community was not following the rule at her school. Lily reflects, I guess I wasnt paying attention. It was from another community. They had to leave very early, and they had their twelve noon meal on the bus. (Lowry 11).In a way, Lowry is setting the scene of his home. She reveals that there are other communities around, yet we never get to know if the community is a country, state or even a village. Similarly, in the book Anthem, the setting is not identified. Equality 7-2521 talks about having his community and an uncharted forest, yet he never identifies the exact location. He reflects on what is beyond the pale of his community, Beyond the ravine there is a plain, and beyond the plain there lies the Uncharted Forest, about which men must not think (Rand 30). Equality 7-2521 knows that there is something beyond his home, yet he is not permitted to question or explore it. Therefore, we perceive that the story occurred a long time ago, in an strange r place, and the world has developed since then. However, in both novels the exact setting is not fully known, a clear characteristic of dystopian narratives.Revolting ProtagonistsIn addition to the unknown settings, both books have a revoltingprotagonists. We see it when the protagonist is influenced by someone who secretly goes against the council, or to protect someone that they love dearly, or because they are different than the rest of the community in some way. In The Giver, Jonas demonstrates all of these influences to leave the community. After becoming close to the Giver, he learns about the give-up the ghost receiver in the community and her story. He is influenced by the ideas of The Giver, of how the community should know its secrets. This causes him to believe that leaving the community would be the best, for therefore he can release the memories to the public. The Giver explains, Rosemary had only those five weeks worth, and most of them were good ones Memories. But there were those few terrible memories, the ones that had overwhelmed her.For a while they overwhelmed the community. All those feelings Theyd never experienced that before. (lowry 147). The Giver explains how if Jonas left or died, all the memories were to be given back to the people of the community. Something that they might not be able to handle, but nevertheless, believed is crucial to expose to them. With the Givers influence, Jonas revolts against the House of Elders, and leaves the community, releasing all the memories. Secondly, another reason that Jonas revolts is to protect someone he loves. Jonas abandons his set plan with the Giver, and leaves the community earlier than planned to save Gabriel from being euthanized. Thirdly, Jonas demonstrates the third characteristic of a dystopian character, as we get the hint that Jonas is special in some way. Lowry describes his eyes as something special, that he can perceive things that other can not see. In a way, he has a differe nt view of society and people than the rest and is more knowledgeable.He is given the job of the receiver for that reason, that with those memories he can see beyond and connect ideas together. Jonas was suppose to be good for the community, instead, he revealed the truth of the troubled nature of their existence. In Anthem by Ayn Rand, Equality 7-2521 also demonstrates the reasons for a revolting protagonist. First, he demonstrates the reason of leaving his community to protect something he loved. Equality 7-2521 was criticized and ordered punished for his actions and his invention. The council ordered him dead, and his invention destroyed in the name of good for the community. Rand writes, You shall be burned at the stake said Democracy 4-6998 (Rand 72). This illustrates the seriousness of Equality 7-2521s action tothe World Council, that it is considered evil and he should be punished harshly.Therefore, Equality 7-2521 revolts and runs to the Uncharted Forest to protect his odd invention. Secondly, Equality 7-2521 also explores the third aspect of a dystopian protagonist, which is that he is different from the rest of his community. As stated above, he is yelled at for being smarter than the rest of the boys. A dystopian protagonist often has a special ability that others in his community do not. In this case Equality 7-2521 has the power of Intelligence. He is intellectually superior to the rest of his community, illustrated by his ability to discover electricity and circuit a light bulb, something that the House of Scholars could not accomplish themselves. Clearly, both protagonist fit the perspective of the characteristics of a dystopia protagonist. Interestingly, the books were written about a decade apart, yet share such great similarities in characterization.The Governing political partyIn both books, we see a controlling governing party that controls the whole community. In The Giver, Jonas describes how the governing party control the aspects of family. He explains about how the House of Elders, selected his parents and sibling. In his community it was normal for the House of Elders to put families together, eliminating the element of choice from the rights of their citizens. Each person is chosen a mate, and never sees their biological children. They make the children, and afterward other children are given to them by the House of Children. Then we are introduced to yearly ceremonies, in which we are told that this year Jonas will be receiving his job. His father discussed of how the committee selected a persons job. The committee always makes the list in advance, and its right there in the office at the Nurturing Center (Lowry 17). Jonas father describes the draconian method in which a persons profession is determined.Similarly, in Anthem we see the same effect of the governing party or a council. Equality 7-2521 talks about care the Golden One, yet he cannot approach her because the council even controls the person to whom you procreate with. He explores the matter, when discussing how mating occurs in his community Each of the men have one of the women assigned to them by the Council of Eugenics (Rand 41). He explains how each person is chosen a mate and forced to marry andprocreate with that person. Secondly, it is illustrated when discussing career and employment in his community. In Equality 7-2521s community a job is selected by the World Council. He is given the job of street sweeper, which he hates. He thought that his intellectual powers would be useful in the House of Scholars. In both books, the government controls every aspect of the community citizens life.Erasing of Individualization and identityIn observe the overall themes of the books The Giver and Anthem, the theme of erasing individualization and identity is present. In The Giver, we see the loss of identity by the impersonalization in Jonas family. The idea of how his parents and sibling are not biologically related to him giv es him less of an identity. He does not know who his biological parents are, or if hes related to anyone. He is forced into this family, who were picked by a group of people that do not exactly know him. Not knowing his background, Jonas can never know his true identity. Erasing of individuality and identity is also a major theme in Anthem. From the beginning of the book, we notice that Equality 7-2521 never uses the word I when referring to himself.He uses the word we, elaborating on the matter that I and being alone was forbidden in the community and seen as an evil sin. Not being able to identify oneself from the rest is a major sign of erasing of individuality and identity. He speaks of the matter when writing about the sin of being alone, The laws say that none among men may be alone (Rand 17). Not being able to say the word I or having personal time alone, a person can not personalize anything about themselves. Similar to The Giver, Equality 7-2521 does not get the choice of what job he is given, what mate he selects, or any major aspect of his life. Not having control of your life choices, and not being able to use the word I is how dystopian councils erase individuality and identity in the community.ConclusionIn conclusion, in order to outline the fine line between utopias and dystopias, we must understand the factors that cause a utopia to ultimately appear as a dystopia. This is shown through the conduct of the protagonists and also the great extent in which governing characters of a utopian societyattempt to perfect the world by controlling every aspect of a community. Moreover, to be able to understand and compare The Giver and Anthem, we must first understand what a utopia is and also, be able to understand utopian literature and dystopian qualities and the similarities between them. To understand utopias, we have to see which definition of utopia did the author use to explain their utopia. Either the definition of no place, or the definition of good place. We see in The Giver, that Lowry explains the utopia as a good place. Jonass characteris shown to have a good life, until he discovers the truth about his community.This reveals how his community turns into a dystopia for him, and he decides to leave his so perfect home. However, we see that in Anthem the definition of no place, was apply in context. Equality 7-2521, never seems to be happy with his world. Rand creates a sad, and dark atmosphere to the setting as well as the plot in which we see his community in an unknown place, with no good forces at all. While Equality 7-2521s perfect utopia is equal and all, it turns into a dystopia when he discovers that he is no longer accepted home. Both stories are great example of utopias turning bad, and becoming a dystopia. They start as perfect worlds, but when readers look closer, we see the flaws, allowing us to see the alteration of the utopias becoming dystopias. Overall, in examining at the characteristics that are simil ar in utopias, it is reasonable to conclude that to a great extent, The Giver and Anthem are similar utopian novels.Works CitedFerns, C. S. Narrating Utopia Ideology, Gender, Form in Utopian Literature. Liverpool Liverpool UP, 1999. Print. Gordin, Michael D., Helen Tilley, and Gyan Prakash. Utopia/dystopia Conditions of Historical Possibility. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 2010. Print. Lowry, Lois. The Giver. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 1993. Print. Matteo, Qian Shuo, and Yu Lan. Utopia and Dystopia. Asia-Europe Classroom, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. . Rand, Ayn. Anthem. New York Dutton, 1995. Print.Spencer, Brooks. Utopian Writing Its Nature and Historical Context. Oregonstate.edu. Oregon State, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2013. .